The Pendulum Coursework Essay Example

The Pendulum Coursework Essay Aim: The aim of this experiment is to find out if a certain variable effects the period of a pendulum. The variable we will be testing in this project is the length of the string.Prediction: I predict that the longer the piece of string, the longer it will take the pendulum to complete one period. I also predict as the length of the string goes up by 10cm, the period will increase by roughly 0.15 seconds.Apparatus: -Piece of string (longer than 95cm)To attach and swing the weight ball off.-RulerTo measure the piece of string.-ProtractorTo measure the angle between the string and the floor soIt is the same every time.-Stop watchTo measure how long the period is-Pencil/PenTo record our results-Weight ball (40g)To attach and hang on the end of the string to weigh itDown and to make it into a pendulum.-ClampTo attach the pendulum 2 the table so it has room toSwing above the floor.-Clamp attachment fittingTo attach the string to the clamp.Method:1) Firstly, we have to determine, how many lengths we ant to compare, and also (in cm) how long each piece of string is.We have decided to go up in fives i.e. 5, 10, 15 etc2) Then we have to draw up a table o record all f our results.3) Next we have to collect all our apparatus.4) Firstly, we will measure a piece of string to the length required, plus a bit for excess to tie around the weight ball etc5) We then will set up our clamp and attach the string to the clamp attachment and in turn, attach the weight ball to the string.6) After all is set up, we will need to wind up the string around the clamp to the lowest measurement ready to begin the experiment. (we will measure it with a ruler)7) We will then pull back the string ready to begin at about 90d degrees ready to time the period. This will be our preliminary experiment.8) Whilst one person holds he string and lets go, another person times it in seconds (using a stop watch) how long it takes for the string to swing once, forward and back ant then stop the watch at the time it reaches the end of the period.9) We will then record the first result in the table.10) Because this is the preliminary experiment, we will only trial each measurement once.11) We will then continue this over and over until weve done it once for every measurement.12) After we have recorded all of our preliminary results, we will look at he ranges etcto see if we need to make any changes to the experiment.13) Next we will completely redo the whole experiment, starting at 5cm up to about 95cm at about 90 degrees.14) Finally we will find out the averages for each length and record the results on to a graph.How this will be a fair test:Because every time we do the experiment, we will only change one variable at a time and keep everything else the same i.e. the angle at 90 degrees from the floor, the weight ball of weight of 40g etcThe only variable we will change is the length of the string.Safety Precautions:We will always keep to strict safety precautions by which we will stand back from the pendulum as it swings so it doesnt hit us. We will tie our hair back so not to get caught in the pendulum and wear safety goggles to protect our eyes.Background ResearchPendulum clocks have been used to keep time since 1656, and they have not changed dramatically since then. Pendulum clocks were the first clocks made to have any sort of accuracy.A pendulum clock is made from these parts:* There is the face of the clock, with its hour and minute hand (and sometimes even a moon phase dial).* There are one or more weights (or, if the clock is more modern, a keyhole used to wind a spring inside the clock we will stick with weight-driven clocks in this article).* And, of course, there is the pendulum itself.The Weight:The weight is used so that the pendulum can run for a longer amount of time, without having to be tampered with. It acts as an energy storage device so you can leave it unattended. If you pull on the string or cord that attaches the weight upwards, you autom atically give the weight potential energy. It then uses this potential energy in a moment, as the weight falls to drive the clocks mechanism. However the weight of the weight does not effect the period of the pendulum.The pendulum consists of either a light rod or piece of string. St the end o this rod o string there is a weight attached. We know that, so long the angle of the piece of string is less than 20 degrees, the period will remain constant however, it is still not a precise measurement even then. When you have it over the angle of 20 degrees, the pendulum has to go further but at a greater velocity due to the fact that it falls from a greater height, meaning it is at a more acute angle than normal. Overall, this means that the pendulum traverses a longer distance in a shorter amount of time.The pendulum demonstrates an almost continuous perpetual motion, until it finally sops, dues to friction. The pendulum has a falling motion. The pendulum keeps a very regular beat, which is why for many years it was used in clocks.The period of a pendulum can be affected or not affected by three variables:- The weight of the pendulum.- The length of the pendulum.- The angle of which the pendulum departs.These are the main factors which people commonly presume to have an effect on the period of the pendulum; however, the weight of the pendulum has little or no effect at all, neither does the angle of which the pendulum departs. On the other hand, length of the pendulum is correct, due to the fact it has to traverse a further distance. The pendulum period is related only to the length of the pendulum and the force of gravity. However due to the fact that gravity remains constant at any particular point anywhere in the planet, this means the length of the pendulum is the only thing that effects the period of a pendulum.Preliminary TrialLength (cm)Trial 150.91100.95151.07201.18251.20301.22351.42401.47451.58501.45These results arent very accurate and dont really follow a certain pattern. Also, I dont think they cover a big enough range so we dont really get a chance to see how length effects the pendulum later on when the string is longer. Therefore, We are going to change the difference between each length from 5cm -10cm.This is the new Method:1) Firstly, we have to determine, how many lengths we ant to compare, and also (in cm) how long each piece of string is.We have decided to go up in tens i.e. 5, 15, 25 etc2) Then we have to draw up a table o record all f our results.3) Next we have to collect all our apparatus.4) Firstly, we will measure a piece of string to the length required, plus a bit for excess to tie around the weight ball etc5) We then will set up our clamp and attach the string to the clamp attachment and in turn, attach the weight ball to the string.6) After all is set up, we will need to wind up the string around the clamp to the lowest measurement ready to begin the experiment. (we will measure it with a ruler)7) We will then pu ll back the string ready to begin at about 90d degrees ready to time the period. This will be our preliminary experiment.8) Whilst one person holds he string and lets go, another person times it in seconds (using a stop watch) how long it takes for the string to swing once, forward and back ant then stop the watch at the time it reaches the end of the period.9) We will then record the first result in the table.10) Because this is the preliminary experiment, we will only trial each measurement once.11) We will then continue this over and over until weve done it once for every measurement.12) Next we will completely redo the whole experiment, starting at 5cm up to about 95cm at about 90 degrees.13) Finally we will find out the averages for each length and record the results on to a graph.ObtainingThe Table of results for altering the lengths of a pendulum and the effect it has on the periodLength (cm)TrialTrial 2Trial 3Average (of all results from all three trials)50.90 (0.9)0.51 (0.5 )0.61 (0.6)0.67 (0.7)150.87 (0.9)0.77 (0.8)0.74 (0.7)0.79 (0.8)251.28 (1.3)0.99 (1)1.05 (1.1)1.11 (1.1)351.39 (1.4)1.26 (1.3)1.26 (1.3)1.30 (1.3)451.45 (1.5)1.39 (1.4)1.52 (1.5)1.59 (1.6)551.56 (1.6)1.68 (1.7)1.76 (1.8)1.67 (1.7)651.65 (1.7)1.64 (1.6)1.74 (1.7)1.68 (1.8)751.81 (1.8)1.43 (1.4)1.42 (1.4)1.55 (1.6)852.08 (2.1)2.08 (2.1)2.04 (2)2.07 (2.1)952.21 (2.2)2.24 (2.2)2.28 (2.3)2.24 (2.2)EvaluationMy overall prediction is correct; the longer the piece of string, the longer it will take the pendulum to complete one period, however on average, it doesnt increase by 0.15 seconds, but it increases by 0.1 seconds. But still this is not accurate. I have quite a few anomalies.However, like in what I discussed in my analysis, I did make some mistakes with accuracy etc If I were to redo this experiment, then I would consider making sure I got the timings absolutely perfect. Which although would take a lot of time which I didnt have this time around, so maybe this shows to get excellent r esults you need a lot of time and it takes a lot of effort.One anomaly that in particular stands out is when the string is of length 75 cm and the result is 1.55 seconds. Whereas the result just before it is 65cm and 1.68; before this result, the trend line goes up consistently, however, when it hits this point, it goes down by 14 seconds, which is a pretty large jump and the result after it is at 85 cm and 2.07. There is then a massive jump to the next point. It goes up by 0.51 seconds, which is a massive increase. It is the biggest increase in the whole experiment. This again shows another flaw in my experiment, or maybe just reinforces the anomaly before hand.It is very low compared to 85cm but is also lower than 65 cm which cannot be right because, as we discovered, as the length of the string increases, so to does the length of the period. Therefore this is incorrect. Looking back at the table, the first trial for 75 cm is 1.81 cm, which seems pretty accurate but then for trial 2 and 3, it slips to 1.43 and 1.42 seconds. This could have happened because, the unbeknown to us the string slipped or tightened in this case, or it bashed the table or we timed it wrong by stopping the stopwatch too early or starting it too late. This is an easy mistake to make however, on the other hand, I could have measured the results before of after inaccurately in the same way, timing inaccurately. This is quite unlikely though. Again if I were to do the experiment again I would have to be more accurate.I dont think my results are that reliable, and dont always fit the formula. And there a lot of anomalies in the separate trials. If I were to do it again, I would do it in more time with more accuracy. I would maybe even do an even bigger range and perhaps another trial.Length (cm)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Trial 5Average (of all results)525456585105125145156185I would also check the length of the sting hadnt slipped or adjusted itself between each trial.AnalysisIf I pick t wo points on the line of best fit, near the end and the beginning:0.80 and 2.20The co-ordinates are0.80 = (3,8)2.20 = (17,22)22-8=1417-3=1414/14=144?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 39.539.5/1=39.5(39.5-9.8)/9.8 = 3.0306=33 is the percentage error so this shows my results arent completely accurate. Therefore if I were to do it again, I would need to be more accurate.Between points 25, 35,45 and 55 it goes up almost identically, very, very consistently. It goes from 1.11 (1.1) to 1.30 (1.3) to 1.59 (1.6) to 1.67 (1.7). The third goes slightly out, but they are the most accurate ones.This shows good and accurate timings, which is very good n the fact were trying to compare the length of string and the how it affects the time it takes the pendulum to complete one period.The rule for this graph is, as the length of string increases, the time it takes the pendulum to complete period increases at the same time. My graph clearly shows this as the line of best fit goes up diagonally right.tà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = (4? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/g)L.39.5/39.5=11 times 5 = 5Therefore should be at point 5 (0.5) on the graph.Therefore our result is inaccurate.However, it does relate to my background research because it said that length would be the only variable able to change the length of the period. Also that the longer the string the longer it would take to complete a period. This means it does link closely to the background research, just not extremely accurately. The main theory does.ConclusionThe rule for this graph is, as the length of string increases, the time it takes the pendulum to complete period increases at the same time. My graph clearly shows this as the line of best fit goes up diagonally right. In my prediction I said that it goes up by roughly 0.15 in every 10cm but I think its now more closer to 0.1 seconds in every 10 cm.

Coyotes as an Environmental Concern in Southern California

Coyotes as an Environmental Concern in Southern California The quest to offer solutions to challenges caused by urban coyote (Canis latrans) in Southern California faces many issues including the environment of habitation, coyote behavior as well as human behavior and laws. Baker and Timm (1998) focus on urban coyote conflict. Nevertheless, discussions on types of efficient control processes and related challenges are minimal.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Coyotes as an Environmental Concern in Southern California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some common conflicts in urban regions include destroying property, harassing pets, bullying or assaulting humans and exhibiting daring or violent behavior. Growing urbanization is gradually making human interest to be at conflict with wildlife. The rising amount of conflicts between humans and coyotes in these regions is a wide topic of discussion. This paper discusses how habitats, laws, human and coyote behavior intera ct in finding solutions to urban conflict. Habitats Southern California rests in California’s South mountains and Coast regions. The region has home densities that range from 0.0/km2 in rural surroundings to 140/km2 in urban areas (Baker Timm, 1998). Consistent with definition, rural regions are those that produce farmyields and livestock. Main types of plants include oak, grasslands, lower chaparral and riparian woodlands.Cyclic alterations in rain, winters, summers and little changes in yearly temperatures typify this climate. Such conditions and habitats sustain animals that serve as food to coyotes. Growth has formed regions of urban-wild land interface, which form the margin between urban and rural regions. As residences and urbanization go on to augment, the margin persists to enlarge. Urban habitats comprise parks, drainages, and gardens that that reside near houses. Human Actions The behavior of humans has a noteworthy role in forming and resolving conflict between p eople and wildlife. Long ago, the issue of wildlife conflict was only in rural environments. At that time, the federal agencies and the state defended harvestable resources and domestic animals. Currently, we recognize that wildlife conflict exists in both rural and urban settings and human behavior has a significant role in wildlife relations.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wildlife, whether in urban or urban-rural interface regions, offers noteworthy value to people. Nevertheless, habituation of wildlife to humans produces animals that can be more treacherous than those in the rural areas can. Habituation stem from acceptance of coyotes and the nonexistence of negative reinforcement. Several people, innocently or knowingly, allow coyotes to subsist and be close to their homes and pets through offering food or secluded habitat fragments in urban settin g. Certain human actions that manipulate human-coyote associations include open space organization, pet husbandry processes and refuse management. Some human beings deliberately nourishing coyotes have as well been associated to several coyote issues, as well as human assaults. A significant aspect is how humans react to coyotes when they come across them in urban areas or beside the urban-rural interface regions. Unless coyotes receive negative reinforcement, they will start to perceive these experiences in a positive manner, thus losing their usual human fear and their innate foraging behaviors. These cultured actions and adaptation to people may be transmitted to young that are brought up in urban areas. Wherever a number or all of these human behaviors fail to be fully addressed, coyotes will exploit any resources they require to exist, causing possible conflicts. Baker and Timm (1998) explain that the majority coyotes in urban settings have stopped seeing people as enemies. Rat her, coyotes view human as a good food source. Coyotes’ capability to adjust to actions of people has played a central role in making animas to end fear for belief animals. The persistent attrition of the human-wild animal division refers to taming, which seeks to eradicate human trepidation in coyotes. Taming form a situation of adoption of people into the social ring of wild animals and this is likely to pose human danger, in the end.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Coyotes as an Environmental Concern in Southern California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The growing urban-rural interface associated with human expansion has offered an outsized environment for coyotes, which are a source of major conflicts. The rural-urban interface offers security and food resources for coyotes, since they can enter and leave the habitat with no difficulties. Besides, it is the swiftest growing habitat (Fedriani e t al. 2001). Features of the landscape in this habitat have water, food, cover, and these draw many animals that act as food for coyotes. This forms synthetically enlarged inhabitants of indigenous and non- indigenous species including gophers, rabbits and earth squirrels, all of which are good food sources for the urban coyote. Equally, food objects like small cats and wind-fallen fruits serve as great meals for the coyates. Laws and Regulations Some bodies that have participated in making laws include the California State Legislature, California voters, as well as the California Fish and Game Commission. These bodies have had vital roles in making a varied set of regulations and policies that concern the control of coyotes and all marauders in California. A noteworthy aspect of these bodies is California’s suggestion for a triumphant measure, which adjusted both Fish and Game regulations and state statutes. Regulatory changes and legislative proceedings, especially those as sociated to increased fortification of definite wildlife species and the elimination of wildlife damage control techniques have had a major effect on coyote conflict resolution. Coyote Behavior Coyotes prefer to live in natural habitats but they also adapt to urban environments easily. Coyotes feed at night and rest during the day. According to Tigas (2002), coyotes decrease activity during the day more in urban settings than in rural areas, where there is reduced human activity. The agility of coyotes allows them to succeed and thrive in almost all natural and artificial environments in southern California. Damage Resource management groups assume the responsibility of eliminating coyotes lethally. Nevertheless, inside wildlife groups there are many variable construes of what constitutes a human health and safety assault. The question is whether when a coyote moves toward humans is classified as a human health and safety matter, or whether all assaults on pets are a human health an d safety happening. Another question that comes up is whether the attack has to cause damage.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An additional human pressure is how the public at large and neighbors respond to an assault. Riley and Decker (2000) explain that wildlife in the backyard is endured until a beast sprays the city clerk, or an influential individual catches Lyme infection from tick-infested animal; then, elimination is ordered instantly. Carrying out coyote damage control in urban regions requires lots of time. It could take a number of weeks or months for the felonious coyote to go back to the region where apparatus have been positioned. Techniques used in managing coyotes in urban-suburban regions differ greatly, depending on the circumstances and setting. Within California, these consist of traps, gunfire such as 12 gauge shotguns, spotlighting and calling using electronic or manual techniques. Cage traps have served the purpose on several occasions, although they do not represent the most efficient way of coyote control. The use of these approaches in urban/suburban regions should be carried out with great secrecy and proficiency, maintaining the public’s security as a theme of highest significance. Technology California has a fact sheet through its wildlife service program aimed at helping homeowners in urban regions find solutions to coyote problems. Besides, The California Department of Fish and Game steers a campaigns through similar brochures. records from the wildlife service department show that the three most frequent solutions given to humans facing urban-suburban coyote issues are those allied with eradicating either direct or indirect wildlife feed harassment of coyotes and exclusion method. The majority urban-suburban coyote challenges can be solved by chasing them afar from their item of attraction, eradicating the item of attraction, or removing what they are attracted to and denying them the right to access items that attract them. Direct control Various conflicts call for larger attention, either because of the absence of success in executing technica l assistance suggestions, or to a more solemn increasing coyote conduct caused by several human pressures or actions. Additionally, several conflicts such as attack on a person are further serious, thus calling for direct attention to resolve the issue. In these circumstances, the wildlife service will take direct control as the primary alternative. Nonetheless, when the verdict is made to control coyotes directly, the service often offers technical assistance to aid in avoiding problems in the prospect. This is achievable through group conferences with homeowner associations, face-to-face conferences with inhabitants, as well as, allocation of fact sheets and other copies, The rising dollar, level of damage and number of coyotes captured by direct control show the need for sustained and insistent public audience. Technical support does give approaches and recommendations to lessen conflicts. Nevertheless, the suggestions must receive support from the affected. Measures of direct co ntrol and call for technical support will persist as long as the conflict between humans and coyotes lives. Thus, certain policies and procedures should be established and pursued by all administrators when handling conflicts that are thought to have public concerns. Government representatives have to be well informed when instituting such policies, and they ought to seek to comprehend the intricacies of coyote management in the contradictory urban environments. The absence of societal outreach and definite policies will eventually bring about further eliminations of coyotes. In conclusion, coyote is in much conflict with human beings. Some common conflicts in urban regions include destroying property, harassing pets, bullying or assaulting humans and exhibiting daring or violent behavior. These conflicts arise from habituation of coyotes to human beings. Some human beings deliberately nourishing coyotes have as well been associated to several coyote issues, as well as human assault s. Unless coyotes receive negative reinforcement, they will start to perceive these experiences in a positive manner, thus losing their usual human fear and their innate foraging behaviors. Several legal and security matters must be well thought-out before selecting alternatives for coyote control. Specialists in the wild life sector are familiar with state and federal polices and laws concerning the use of discriminating apparatus while carrying out coyote conflict management. Nonetheless, human actions including proposition, codes, and regulations have cased eradication of some methods or stern limitations on their use. Oral Presentation My topic focuses on coyotes as an environmental concern in Southern California. The quest to offer solutions to challenges caused by urban coyote (Canis latrans) in Southern California faces many issues including the environment of habitation, coyote behavior as well as human actions and laws. Let us focus at each one of these in turn. Habitation Growth has formed regions of urban-wild land interface, which form the margin between urban and rural regions. As residences and urbanization go on to augment, the margin persists to enlarge. Urban habitats comprise parks, uncovered spaces, drainages, and gardens that have homes and other developments as their surroundings. Human Actions Habituation of wildlife to humans produces animals that can be more treacherous than those in the rural areas can. Several people, innocently or knowingly, allow coyotes to subsist and be close to their homes and pets through offering food or secluded habitat fragments in urban setting. Certain human actions that manipulate human-coyote associations include open space organization, pet husbandry processes and refuse management. Laws Regulatory changes and legislative proceedings, especially those associated to increased fortification of definite wildlife species and the elimination of wildlife damage control techniques have had a major effect on coy ote conflict resolution. Some bodies that have participated in making laws include the California State Legislature, California voters, as well as the California Fish and Game Commission. Coyote Behavior Coyotes prefer to live in natural habitats but they also adapt to urban environments easily. The agility of coyotes allows them to succeed and thrive in almost all natural and artificial environments in southern California. Solutions To solve these problems, technology and direct control methods are useful. California has a fact sheet through its wildlife service program aimed at helping homeowners in urban regions find solutions to coyote problems. Besides, the wildlife service should take direct control as the primary alternative through group conferences with homeowner associations. References Baker, R.O., Timm, R.M. (1998). Management of conflicts between urban coyotes and humans in southern California. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Fedriani, J.M., Fuller, T.K., Sauva jot, R.M.( 2001). Does the availability of anthropogenic food enhance densities of omnivorous mammals? An example with coyotes in southern California. Ecography, 24, 325-331. Riley, S.J., A., Decker, D.J. (2000). Risk perception as a factor in wildlife stakeholder acceptance capacity for cougars in Montana. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 5, 50-62. Tigas, L.A. (2002). Behavioral responses of bobcats and coyotes to habitat fragmentation and corridors in an urban environment. Biological Conservation, 108, 299-306.

Effects of Quantitative Easing on Food Prices Research Paper

Effects of Quantitative Easing on Food Prices - Research Paper Example Eventually, this leads to inflation. This paper demonstrates the effects that come about because of employing quantitative easing on food prices. Rise in food prices One of the established effects of quantitative easing is that it results to a rise in food prices. The reason behind this fact is that quantitative easing entails making of more money in order to assist in solving the situation affecting the economy. However, making of more money contributes in undervaluing the present ones in the economy of a country. Therefore, the country tends to experience hyperinflation. The inflation results to a rise in various commodities. Some of these commodities include raw materials associated with the production of food. Rise in raw materials especially in the agricultural sector forces most of the producers to increase the selling price of their products. Eventually the final consumer ends-up buying food at a higher price than usual. In every financial year, food producers tend to look on when they can be able to make more profits from the price of their commodities. Therefore, the producers are forced to increase their prices with an aim of avoiding incurring losses when inflation occurs especially because of quantitative easing (Duncan 162). ... Most of the small-scale farmers stops farming because of rising prices of various agricultural commodities ending up reducing their production. When most of the small-scale farmers fail to produce more goods as expected, the price of food in the market rises. In some cases, most of the small-scale farmers’ stops enacting agricultural related activities because of farming difficulties due to rise in prices of commodities. This creates a high deficit on the farm products hence a rise in food prices. Rise in international prices of raw materials and agricultural products Apart from the small-scale farmers being affected by inflation because of quantitative easing, large-scale farmers also tend to experience the same effects. Apart from the above outlined examples, showing effects of inflation due to quantitative easing, inflation also causes a rise in the import price index. This means that various raw materials related to agriculture like farming inputs that include fertilizers tend to rise in their prices. Some of other imported agricultural inputs that tend to rise in their prices because of inflation include farming machines and chemicals. Moreover, some of the seeds imported from other countries rise in their costs due to inflation. Failure of farmers to access the inputs contributes to low production of food hence rise in their prices. High cost of inputs makes most of the farmers fail to buy much of the products contributing to a decline in their activities. A decline in farming activities means that the production of law materials will eventually be low. This contributes in making the prices of the produced food rise. Rise in cost of activities in food manufacturing industries There is established evidence that inflation cause

Leading Change through Integrated Product Development Assignment

Leading Change through Integrated Product Development - Assignment Example The success or failure of a product purely depends on the customers. A product would retain its market if only if it meets the expectations of the customer. This clearly reveals that a product’s lifetime is in the hands of the users. Some products fail, even if they are manufactured by considering the requirements of the customer. The reason is that it might not be usable for the specific user group to which it was intended to be. The target group must be decided well in advance to ensure that the product is developed particularly for that user group. The goal of a product manufacturing company must be to prepare products that are suitable for the intended user group. This goal can be achieved by implementing certain unique techniques which makes the process easier. These techniques, in turn, specify the ways in which a product can be developed to suit the target group. This will ensure that the product serves the intended purpose. Instead of changing the way in which a product is developed, the companies can implement these techniques after which they can be sure of achieving their mission. An organization generally creates and develops a product based on the customer’s requirements. Once the client’s requirements are received the product is developed. A product cannot be developed without a well-defined set of principles. (Rainey, 2005) This is accomplished using product management and its techniques. Product management is a complete set of techniques and principles that define the way in which a product should be developed. Implementing these principles eases the process of product development and marketing. These principles are implemented to manage initial requirements, costs of the product, allocation of resources and managing risks that may arise in the product development process. Management defines the way in which a product must be developed and proposes certain strategies and planning procedures.

A Sense of Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Sense of Truth - Essay Example A thorough analysis and better understanding not only clarifies but illuminates the distinction between deception and truth, trust and mistrust. Plato in his work, "Allegory of the Cave" published in his book The Polity presented the false reality that chained the people inside the cave. They had been blinded by ignorance and overshadowed by darkness. They believed that the shadows on the walls of the cave were true as opposed to the reality that these were just puppets and illusions. One of the prisoners had eventually escaped and seen the light. The sunlight represents the absolute Truth, which is what actually is, and is not relative to what any person might think to be truth (Christian Dunn, 2006). The point of Plato was to find the truth as the ultimate goal; relying on the senses to interpret reality would not give the truth. This perception of the truth will also be different from person to person. Furthermore, Plato suggested that our senses can be a distraction from the truth and should not be trusted because they are untrusting and false guides to realities. Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha argued otherwise. ... With the background and foundation laid, I am now ready to answer the question "Should we trust our senses to give us truth" Trusting our senses achieves the purpose of knowing what the truth is. It simply means allowing the mind to digest the information perceived through the senses and making judgment based on these perceptions. Every person's reactions although varied will detect that the stimuli have been responded to depending on the conditions and courses of an event. While an observation is a prelude to a deduction of what really happens, it is still with empirical knowledge that the truth is tested and settled. After all, a claim remains a claim if not backed up with facts. Nevertheless, trusting the senses still remains the ultimate paradigm that ushers the knowledge of the truth. In an unchartered territory, the most a person can do is to act according to his instincts and survive depending on a perception of this environment. Needless to say, it is the right time for his senses to be utilized and maximized. Imagine being stuck in the Arabian Desert. What penetrate your eyes are visions of sand, sky, date palms, and occasional arachnids like scorpions, ticks and spiders. The dust swaying in the air provides an unbearable smell. The resolute stillness and serenity generate a deafening sound as well as the booming of the wind. The taste of water and soda creeps into your nerves and makes you thirst. Worse of all, the scorching heat reaches up to 54C. All these in consideration will determine the ability of a person to forge his reactions based on stimuli. Let's say there is a snake in the middle of the Desert. Trapped in this situation, the individual must find ways to get rid of the snake. How When the

Examining Entrepreneurs as Agents of Change

Examining Entrepreneurs as Agents of Change Introduction The rapid growth of the marketing is constantly changing our lives. As a result, entrepreneurs are played the importance role in a market as they are seen as agents of change. Which the change is economically based, the implications are far reaching, affecting other aspects of society such as social, cultural and political. That is why the entrepreneur is willing to take the responsibility and taking business risk to create and expand their business to order to explore more opportunities. Which the goods and services are fulfills customers demand and preferences. Entrepreneurs seen to be the starters and them also assume the role of manager. Which entrepreneurs are observing the fourth factor of production (entrepreneur, land, labor and capital) and improve for the economic development. They were actively form to lead their own business and cultivate and offering new ideas for the economic growth and prosperity in individually. Moreover, entrepreneurs have a good in planning and manage strategically to make a decision and always strive for excellence in a business. Therefore, it can avoid the failure that may threat to an entrepreneur and the lack of continuity of the business and know how to developing the field of social entrepreneurship. In the scenarios, among a social entrepreneur is motivated to improve and transform social, educational, environmental and economic conditions. Social entrepreneurs are for social improvement but not for the money. They are presents their ideas that are user-friendly and ethical that which applies innovative solutions to support in order to expand the large number of people to tackle their idea. Which the challenges and successful of highly effective social entrepreneurs include the failure and a lack of acceptance of the status. The social entrepreneur is importance to driven by an emotional desire to the social and economic conditions and not only by the desire for profit. Anyways, they seek for the best solutions to resolve the problems that can be copied by others. In other hand, social entrepreneur were improvement of the goods and services offered to the community is to create the social value with run as non-profits. Challenges of Social Entrepreneurship The challenging issue of social entrepreneurship is to build up a no funding of reliable team, and establish an effectively and reality business plan to scale up. In this case, the skills and insight of a social entrepreneurship is very importance that must hold by them in their business. Challenges may bring the success for entrepreneurs to lead their own businesses and active involvement to explore more opportunities. The below are show the challenges of social entrepreneurship. 2.1 Managing Accountability Accountability is a complicated issue for social entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurs create the opportunities, good in planning and manage strategically to make a decision and always strive for excellence in a business. Which they must have a good skills and insight to developing its strategic in the business. Social entrepreneurs need to build the profitable businesses which are observing the fourth factor of production (entrepreneur, land, labor and capital) and improve for the economic development. Therefore, social entrepreneur always strive for excellence in a business which make their own view and experiences to the companys strategy. However, social entrepreneurs also same with other entrepreneurs, have to search for resources and survive until the business begins reaping income. The challenges and skills are useful in the future for entrepreneurs more accountable on their business. 2.2 Managing the Double Bottom Line Double bottom line is a business term which can create a series of tensions across the business (Pharaoh, Scott, Fisher, 2004). Its to measure the financial performance in term of positive social impact. It approach to applied to public and private sector organizations ability to take their strengths and capacity and match them to an opportunity they see in the marketplace- an opportunity that both meets their mission and provides financial stability- this is what we call double bottom line. (Anon, 1999) These great efforts must take time to achieve the results more effective management and outcome the form of revenue diversification. 2.3 Managing Identity In the managing identity issues, Social entrepreneurs who have worked mainly in the nonprofit sector may find it difficult to identify closely with the commercial side of the business; for entrepreneurs with a for-profit background, the problem may be a difficulty identifying with the goals and approach of the social side of the venture, especially when they undermine the stability of the business (Pharoah et al., 2004). Besides that, Complex identity issues such as these need to be made explicit in the context of social entrepreneurship education, which should also convey the commercial realities of managing a social venture; regardless of their commitment to their social vision, only by operating profitably can social entrepreneurs engender sustainable social change. Clearly, this raises particular leadership dilemmas for social enterprise (Martin, 2003). 2.4 Managing a Global Operation Managing a global operation also play the important role for the challenges of social entrepreneur. All the work is done for global especially for social enterprise which they are faced to the new challenges to management the business. In this case, the time also important to this section to help them more function closely as a team in workplace. Anyways, staying objective and communicating your value, fighting fires and thinking strategically, and remaining true to the vision when complexity arrives are also be the strategically to positioning the business while there are occur a list of issues that need to be solve in the workplace. Success of Social Entrepreneurship The success will require the well practice, interchangeable ideas and knowledge to improve the society. Social entrepreneurship must have the hard work, plain, and simple behaviour to driven the success that can solve the social issues. Anyways, they are shared their ideas and have a good in plan and manage strategically to make a decision and always strive for excellence in a business. Therefore, it can avoid the failure that may threat to an entrepreneur and the lack of continuity of the business and know how to developing the field perfectly. The next point will bring the success to an entrepreneurs is traits of an entrepreneur. Thats important for entrepreneur to strive the excellent in business and also focus on how they can get the things they want through the ways they go. Below are show the factor and traits of an entrepreneur to driven the success. 3.1 Goal-Setter A goal-setter is very importance for anyone to get the successful in business. Stay focused and strive for balance to set a goal will be useful for everyone. To achieve the goal, entrepreneur must ensure that the goal is clearly and achieve attainable vision with concrete measurable goals. 3.2 Knowing Your Strengths and Weaknesses Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of an entrepreneur also may bring the successful in business. Anyways, the strengths and weaknesses are playing an active role in people likes to successful in business. This is the ability that entrepreneurs have to brush off failures and mistakes and keep going forward. Therefore, an entrepreneur must exercise how to get even better performance in business, enhance self-confidence, and improve the study skills, knowledge and ability. Regardless in life or in business, entrepreneurs are playing the importance and potential role in the business. Before that, entrepreneurs have to self-evaluation themself such as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This may transform people attitudes to get even better, know the ways to improve the ability. 3.3 Maximizing Opportunities An opportunity is importance for entrepreneurs; they are always looking for opportunities. Whether they are already in business or just getting started, they have an attitude that expects opportunities, and they invest the time necessary to find the opportunities that will work for them; even those already running a successful business remain open to new possibilities. (Anon, 2003) 3.4 Know Your Business/ Know Your Competition Problems are always occurring in the business. The new idea may bring the opportunities by increase the income of the business and success achieve the goal was set. So that an entrepreneur must have a good in plan and manage strategically to make a decision and always strive for excellence in a business. Entrepreneur must have the great thinking and creative ideas that to play the important to share the new ideas which the ideas may make them success in their own business. 3.5 Effectively Manage Budgets and Finances Budgets and finance are also the issues for entrepreneurs as how they earn the income by investment. The ethical and moral must be including by an entrepreneur, they use the positive ways to operate their business. Effectively manage budgets and finances may help them to save the resources and reduce the expenses in production. 3.6 Never Settle for Second Best Never settle for second best also as a trait for an entrepreneur also may bring the successful in business. Entrepreneurs have a good in planning and manage strategically to make a decision and always strive for excellence in a business. Innovation for entrepreneurs is to done the new ideas to become products and services which the products and services are fulfill customers demand and preferences. They were actively form to lead their own business and cultivate and offering new ideas for the economic growth and prosperity in individually. Moreover, entrepreneurs are capability to learn from the failure and personal initiative to make innovation and improvement to get the business opportunities. 3.7 Hard Work The time is the issues that to bring people for driven to success. The characteristic of an entrepreneur are willingness to work hard and assuming the responsibility in the workplace. Entrepreneurs must know how to managing their time to work or launching a new business. Therefore, they are fully applying they ability with intensity and focus to done their duty in business. The position of an Social Entrepreneurship To become a great entrepreneur, there are the ways to position their post in workplace. This may helpful to entrepreneurs to success in business and improve their knowledge and ideas. 4.1 Set a clear, attainable vision with concrete measurable goals Explanation the notion of leading is to motivate employee to achieve the goals has been set. Create a shared culture and values, communicating to all the employees of all the organization. That may infusing the employees that to perform the high level and ability to shape the communication, culture and motivate employees to achieve business success. Anyways, leading process were let the employees know what is the vision need to measure up and try to motivate the employees to make the organization more effectiveness, efficiency and functional the organization. Tell people what your individual expectations are A feedback is helpful to specific and measurable about their ongoing job performance. Its may identify the employees who get the benefit from every training or supervision. In other hand, everyones expectations are different to each other. Theyre needed to tell other about what was he or she expects to want to get in the business. Thats the key to striving to make someone a success. Moreover, responsibility for a person may bring the effect to the whole organization. The motivation, dedication and productive may drive the business a success. Entrepreneurs may feel confident about their skills and it may make it easily be more productive, satisfied and successful. Self-review, evaluation to motivate the potential in the workplace Self-evaluation can use the SWOT analysis to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in workplaces. However, it may transform people attitudes to get even better, know the ways to improve the ability. A good conversation promotes an image of intelligence, wittiness and, self-confidence. Therefore, this may improve a persons ability in conversation or other situation. This also may help people to find the objectives and how to solve the problem in presentation, study, and finding information. Anyways, different path such as academic, personal, career, or other also has distinct objectives. To achieve the goal, a person must ensure that goal is clearly aware of what is expected from them if an objective is to be achieved. (ezinearticles, 2005) Be open to new ideas The thinking strategically is the challenges for entrepreneurs to resolve the business problem and create the innovations. A social entrepreneur must have the great thoughts and creative ideas. Thats an important reason that to share their new ideas which the ideas may success to improve their organization. A new idea may bring the opportunities to extensive the business in which increased productivity. The challenges in the field of social entrepreneurship also the development of new strategies and notion frameworks tailored specifically to social value creation. These reactions are crucial to fostering a positive environment that builds morale, improves motivation, and creates opportunities for success. Conclusion In the conclusion, challenges and success will build up a good behavior and establish an effectively and reality business plan to scale up. The success will require the well practice, interchangeable ideas and knowledge to improve the society. Challenges may bring the success for entrepreneurs to lead their own businesses and active involvement to explore more opportunities. Anyways, they are shared their ideas and have a good in plan and manage strategically to make a decision and always strive for excellence in a business. Therefore, it can avoid the failure that may threat to an entrepreneur and the lack of continuity of the business and know how to developing the field perfectly. Social entrepreneurship must have the hard work, plain, and simple behaviour to driven the success that can solve the social issues. In this case, the skills and insight of a social entrepreneurship is very importance that must hold by them in their business. The skills may help social entrepreneurship development of new strategies to perform a good performance and developing the field perfectly in workplace.

Robinhood :: essays research papers

The themes of â€Å"Robin Hood† are many and complex. Robin hood has the theme of chivalry through out its pages. Every word empowers the average person to stand up to a evil government that oppresses its people. The themes are rich and interesting, that’s what makes robin hood a good story. They deal with feelings and emotions that do really happen to average people. The themes have importance to us all and can be truly entertaining when done in a clever way. Robin Hood showed many of these signs of chivalry, the way most of us show these signs of are morals, through actions. Stealing from the rich giving to the poor was one of the many ways robin hood showed his good nature. Another way was to court Made Marian, which on its own is a very cheval act. One of the mane rules of chivalry state that you must treat the farer sex with good taste he did this with Made Marian. His good nature and act of honor made Robin Hood a cheval man. Robin Hood was a chivalry kind of guy, helping people fight evil and ridding the countryside of a terrible king. Probably the best reason of his chivalry was his act of standing up to the evil king. He saw that there was a unjust situations and he had to take a role in taking that government down. He organized a legion of men to do this act of chivalry. He took chances to get deeds accomplished and he gloriously accomplished those things. The king, even though robin should have been honoring him, was evil and that’s why robin had to do what he did. Another one of the Robin Hood themes is one of empowerment. It is with this theme that the lower classes get recognized as a strong entity in today’s society. This theme has the strongest meaning to the

Vehicle Tracking System

Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. ijera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 616-625 GSM AND GPS BASED VEHICLE LOCATION AND TRACKING SYSTEM 1 Baburao Kodavati, 2 V. K. Raju, 3S. Srinivasa Rao, 4A. V. Prabu, 5T. Appa Rao, 6 Dr. Y. V. Narayana 1. Asst. Prof in ECE Dept, 2. Asso. Prof in ECE Dept 3. HOD of ECE Dept 4. Lecturar in AE&IE Dept,5.. Asst. Prof in EE Dept. 6. Principal 1,2,&4,5- Gandhi Institute Of Engg & Technology , Gunupur,Rayagada,Orissa-765022,India 3. IACREC,rayagada,Orissa. . TEC, Jonnalagadda(P), Narasaraopet-522601, Guntur(Dist), A. P. ABSTRACT: A vehicle tracking system combines the installation of an electronic device in a vehicle, or fleet of vehicles, with purpose-designed computer software to enable the owner or a third party to track the vehicle's location, collecting data in the process. Modern vehicle tracking systems co mmonly use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology for locating the vehicle, but other types of automatic vehicle location technology can also be used. Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software.In the main they are easy to steal, and the average motorist has very little knowledge of what it is all about. To avoid this kind of steal we are going to implement a system it provides more security to the vehicle. Existing System: In the previous system security lock and alarm is implemented in a car. If a burglar can break open the lock, then it becomes easy for the burglar to steal the car. And in old security system if the car is stolen then it is out of the owner control. User doesn’t have any awareness about the current location of the vehicle.The Proposed System: The RF transmitter is attached with the vehicle which has its own identification. This data will be continuously transmitted to the RF receiver connected to the m icrocontroller. This GPS will be location the position of vehicle and transmit that data to the microcontroller. Suppose the RF receiver not receiving signal from the transmitting unit, receiver unit send the signal to the microcontroller, from that we can identify the theft. If the vehicle is theft it automatically sends location of the vehicle to its owner as a SMS through GSM modem.This will be a much simpler and low cost technique compared to others. If a password like SMS is sent by the owner, it automatically stops the vehicle Keywords: Global Positioning System (GPS), RF receiver and transmitter, operations and maintenance center (OMC) and Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK). 1. INTRODUCTION: GSM and GPS based vehicle location and tracking system will provide effective, real time vehicle location, mapping and reporting this information value and adds by improving the level of service provided.A GPS-based vehicle tracking system will inform where your vehicle is and where it has been, how long it has been. The system uses geographic position and time information from the Global Positioning Satellites. The system has an â€Å"OnBoard Module† which resides in the vehicle to be tracked and a â€Å"Base Station† that monitors data from the various vehicles. The On-Board module consists of GPs receiver, a GSM modem www. ijera. com 616 | P a g e Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. jera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 616-625 1. 1 Vehicle Tracking System: A vehicle tracking system combines the installation of an electronic device in a vehicle, or fleet of vehicles, with purposedesigned computer software at least at one operational base to enable the owner or a third party to track the vehicle's location, collecting data in the process from the field and deliver it to the base of operation. Modern vehicle tracking systems commonly use GPS or GLONASS technology for locating the vehicle, but other types of automatic vehicle location technology can also be used.Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software. Vehicle tracking systems are also popular in consumer vehicles as a theft prevention and retrieval device. Police can simply follow the signal emitted by the tracking system and locate the stolen vehicle. When used as a security system, a Vehicle Tracking System may serve as either an addition to or replacement for a traditional Car alarm. Some vehicle tracking systems make it possible to control vehicle remotely, including block doors or engine in case of emergency.The existence of vehicle tracking device then can be used to reduce the insurance cost. 1. 2 GSM Overview: Special Mobile), Global System for Mobile is the world's most Fig 1. GSM Modem Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network.A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up modem 2. GSM MODEM: 1. 3 GPS Overview: The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.The GPS project was started in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessor s, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by the U. S. Department of Defense (USDOD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994. both consumers, who may benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment vendors. Communications or GSM (originally from Groupe opular standard for mobile telephone systems. The GSM Association estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. [1] GSM is used by over 1. 5 billion people [2] across more than 212 countries and territories. [3] This ubiquity means that subscribers can use their phones throughout the world, enabled by international roaming arrangements between mobile network operators. GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a secon d generation (2G) mobile phone system. The GSM standard has been an advantage to www. jera. com 617 | P a g e Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. ijera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 616-625 sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves. The working of GSM modem is based on commands, the commands always start with AT (which means ATtention) and finish with a character. For example, the dialing command is ATD; ATD3314629080; here the dialing command ends with semicolon.The AT commands are given to the GSM modem with the help of PC or controller. The GSM modem is serially interfaced with the controller with the help of MAX 232.. 2. 1 Circuit Diagram: GSM system. To achieve the basic definition of a new system a meeting was held in 1982 under the auspices of the Confer ence of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT). They formed a study group called the Groupe Special Mobile ( GSM ) to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system. Several basic criteria that the new cellular technology would have to meet were set down for the new GSM system to meet.These included: good subjective speech quality, low terminal and service cost, support for international roaming, ability to support handheld terminals, support for range of new services and facilities, spectral efficiency, and finally ISDN compatibility. With the levels of under-capacity being projected for the analogue systems, this gave a real sense of urgency to the GSM development. Although decisions about the exact nature of the cellular technology were not taken at an early stage, all parties involved had been working toward a digital system. This decision was finally made in February 1987. This gave a variety of advantages.Greater levels of spectral efficiency could be gained, and in addition to this the use of digital circuitry would allow for higher levels of integration in the circuitry. This in turn would result in cheaper handsets with more features. Nevertheless Fig 2. GSM Modem Circuit Diagram significant hurdles still needed to be overcome. For example, many of the methods for encoding the speech within a sufficiently narrow bandwidth needed to be developed, and this posed a significant risk to the project. Nevertheless the GSM system had been started. Global usage:Originally GSM had been planned as a European system.However the first indication that the success of GSM was spreading further a field occurred when the Australian network provider, Telstra signed the GSM Memorandum of Understanding. New approaches: Neither of these approaches proved to be the long-term solution as cellular technology needed to be more efficient. With the experience gained from the NMT system, showing that it was possible to develop a system across national boundaries, and wi th the political situation in Europe lending itself to international cooperation it was decided to develop a new Pan-European System.Furthermore it was realized that economies of scale would bring significant benefits. This was the beginnings of the www. ijera. com 618 | P a g e Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. ijera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 616-625 Frequencies:Originally it had been intended that GSM would operate on frequencies in the 900 MHz cellular band. In September 1993, the British operator Mercury One-to-One launched a network.Termed DCS 1800 it operated at frequencies in a new 1800 MHz band. By adopting new frequencies new operators and further competition was introduced into the market apart from allowing additional spectrum to be used and further increasing the overall capacity. This trend was followed in many countries , and soon the term DCS 1800 was dropped in favour of calling it GSM as it was purely the same cellular technology but operating on a different frequency band. In view of the higher frequency used the distances the signals travelled was slightly shorter but this was ompensated for by additional base stations. In the USA as well a portion of spectrum at 1900 MHz was allocated for cellular usage in 1994. The licensing body, the FCC, did not legislate which technology should be used, and accordingly this enabled GSM to gain a foothold in the US market. This system was known as PCS 1900 (Personal Communication System) Fig 3. GSM Network Elements The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the switching system GSM provides recommendations, not and to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is called the operation and support system (OSS).The OSS is the functional entity from which the network operator monitors and controls the system. The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance activities that are required for a GSM network. An important function of OSS is to provide a network overview and support the maintenance activities of different operation and maintenance organizations. requirements. The GSM specifications define the functions and interface requirements in detail but do not address the hardware.The reason for this is to limit the designers as little as possible but still to make it possible for the operators to buy equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and the operation and support system (OSS). 3. THE GSM NETWORK: www. ijera. com 619 | P a g e Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. ijera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 16-625 SPECIFICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS FOR GSM The specifications and characteristics for GSM ? frequency band—The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile station to base station). ? duplex distance—The duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart. ? channel separation—The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz. ? modulation—Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics of a carrier frequency.This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK). ? transmission rate—GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps. ? is used to send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give the data i. e. the latitude and longitude indicating the position of t he vehicle. The GPS modem gives many parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is read and displayed on to the LCD. The same data is sent to the mobile at the other end from where the position of the vehicle is demanded.An EEPROM is used to store the mobile number. The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, GSM modem and GPS Receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol modems for serial communication between the and the microcontroller. A serial driver IC is used for converting TTL voltage levels to RS-232 voltage levels. In the main they are easy to steal, and the average motorist has very little knowledge of what it is all about. To avoid this kind of steal we are going to implement this project which provides more security to the vehicle.When the request by user is sent to the number at the modem, the system automatically sends a return reply to that mobile indicating the position of RESULT 4. 1 GSM AND GPS BASED VECHICLE LOCATION AND TRACKING SYST EM Description Present project is designed using 8051 microcontroller in this Project it is proposed to design an embedded system which is used for tracking and positioning of any vehicle by using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global system for mobile communication (GSM). the vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude from this information we can track our vehicles. 4. APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES 4. . APPLICATIONS ? ? ? Stolen vehicle recovery . Field sevice management. It is used for food delivery and car rental companies. 4. 2 ADVANTAGES: In this project AT89S52 microcontroller is used for interfacing to various hardware peripherals. The current design is an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and report the status of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an AT89S52 microcontroller is interfaced serially to a GSM Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem ? From the remote place we can access the system. ? It provides more security than other system . www. ijera. om 620 | P a g e Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. ijera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 616-625 ? By this we can position the vehicle in exact place. [8] Youjing Cui and Shuzhi Sam Ge,†Autonomous vehicle positioning with GPS in urban canyon environments†, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION, vol. 19, NO. 1, pp 15-25, February 2003. BOOKS REFFERED Adler, R. B. , A. C. Smith, and R. L. Longani: â€Å"Introduction to Semiconductor Physics,† vol. , p. 78, Semiconductor Electronics Education Comitee, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , New York ,1964. ? Jacob Millman Christos C. Halkias. : â€Å"Electronic Devices And Circuits†, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. Sep, 2003. ? Schade, O. H. : â€Å"Analysis of Rectifier Operation†, proc. IRE, vol. 31, pp. 341-361, July, 1943. ? Stout, M. B. : â€Å"Analysis of Rectifier Circuits†, Elec. Eng. , vol. 54, September, 1935. ? The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems using Assembly and C by Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie, Rolin D. Mckinlay. ? Wireless communication and netwoking – JonW.Mark and Weihua Zhqung,PHI,2005. ? â€Å"Power Electronics† by M D Singh and K B Khanchandan ? â€Å"Linear Integrated Circuits† by D Roy Choudary & Shail Jain WEBSITES: ? http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sevensegment_display ? http://www. gsm-modem. de/ ? http://www. datasheetsite. com/datasheet/MA X232 ? http://www. rentron. com/rf_remote_control. h tm ? http://www. atmel. com/dyn/resources/prod_d ocuments/doc0401. pdf APPENDIX: SOURCE CODE MAIN SOURCE CODE ? 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE Vehicle tracking system is becoming increasingly important in large cities and it is more secured than other systems.Now a days vehicle thefting is rapidly increasing , with this we can have a good control in it. The veh icle can be turned off by only with a simple SMS. Since, now a days the cost of the vehicles are increasing they will not step back to offord it. This setup can be made more interactive by adding a display to show some basic information about the vehicle and also add emergency numbers which can be used in case of emergency. Upgrading this setup is very easy which makes it open to future requirements without the need of rebuilding everything from scratch, which also makes it more efficient.JOURNALS REFFERED: [1] MarkoWolf, AndreWeimerskirch, and ThomasWollinger, â€Å"State of the Art: Embedding security in vehicles†, Journal on Embedded Systems, Volume 2007, Article ID 74706. [2] J. -P. Hubaux, S. C Apkun, and J. Luo, â€Å"The security and privacy of smart vehicles,† IEEE Security & Privacy Magazine, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 49–55, 2004. [3] Alison Brown, JacobGriesbach and Bruce Bockius, â€Å"GPS traking location based service using wrist watch GeoZigBee Sensorsâ € , Proceddings of ION NTM, 2007, Som Diego, pp 1-10, December 2007. [4] W. Stallings, â€Å"Cryptography and Network Security†, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 4th edition, 2005. 5] Ingrid Verbourwhede, Frank Hoornaert, Joos Vandewalle, Hugo J. Deman â€Å"Security and performance optimization of a new DES†, IEEE Journal on Solid State ciruits, vol. 23, no. 3, pp 647656, 1999. [6] National Institute of Standards & Technology, â€Å"FIPS-46-3: Data Encryption Standard (DES),† October 1977, reaffirmed in October 1999. [7] Sinpyo Hong, Man Hyung Lee, Sun Hong Kwon, and Ho Hwan Chun, â€Å"A Car test for the estimation of GPS/INS alignment errors†, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, VOL. 5, NO. 3, pp 208-218, SEPTEMBER 2004. #include #include†SERIAL. c† #include†LCD. † sbit rf=P2^0; sbit relay=P0^1; sbit motor=P0^0; unsigned char asc,ok[2],r[4],a,n[15],e[15],i,oxoa, a,m[20],j,temp[10],temp1[10]; void cmdwrt_lcd(unsigned char cmd); void serial_transmit(unsigned char *srstr); void command(unsigned char d[]); void serial_tx(unsigned char srda); www. ijera. com 621 | P a g e Baburao Kodavati, V. K. Raju, S. Srinivasa Rao, A. V. Prabu, T. Appa Rao, Dr. Y. V. Narayana/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www. ijera. com Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 616-625 void delay1(); void gps() { do { do { oxoa = serial_rx(); }while(oxoa ! = 0x0A); for(i=0;i

Qu hacer si terminan visa J-1 antes de tiempo

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